WINE FACTS

The Irish believe that fairies are extremely fond of good wine. The proof of the assertion is that in the olden days royalty would leave a keg of wine out for them at night. Sure enough, it was always gone in the morning. - Irish Folklore

Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914), "The Devil's Dictionary", 1911: CONNOISSEUR, n. A specialist who knows everything about something and nothing about anything else. An old wine-bibber having been smashed in a railway collision, some wine was poured on his lips to revive him. "Pauillac, 1873," he murmured and died.

Fill up, fill up, for wisdom cools
When e'er we let the wine rest.
Here's death to Prohibition's fools,
And every kind of vine-pest!    - Jamrach Holobom

Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914), "The Devil's Dictionary", 1911: WINE, n. Fermented grape-juice known to the Women's Christian Union as "liquor," sometimes as "rum." Wine, madam, is God's next best gift to man.

There are about 400 species of oak, though only about 20 are used in making oak barrels. Of the trees that are used, only 5% is suitable for making high grade wine barrels. The average age of a French oak tree harvested for use in wine barrels is 170 years!

1 grape cluster = 1 glass
75 grapes = 1 cluster
4 clusters = 1 bottle
40 clusters = 1 vine
1 vine = 10 bottles
1200 clusters = 1 barrel
1 barrel = 60 gallons
60 gallons = 25 cases
30 vines = 1 barrel
400 vines = 1 acre
1 acre = 5 tons
5 tons = 332 cases

The bill for a celebration party for the 55 drafters of the US Constitution was for 54 bottles of Madeira, 60 bottles of claret, 8 bottles of whiskey, 22 bottles of port, 8 bottles of hard cider, 12 beers and seven bowls of alcohol punch large enough that "ducks could swim in them."

The Manhattan cocktail (whiskey and sweet vermouth) was invented by Winston Churchill's mother.

In the 1600's thermometers were filled with brandy instead of mercury.

The longest recorded champagne cork flight was 177 feet and 9 inches, four feet from level ground at Woodbury Vineyards in New York State.

Foot treading of grapes is still used in producing a small quantity of the best port wines.

In ancient Babylon, the bride's father would supply his son-in-law with all the mead (fermented honey beverage) he could drink for a month after the wedding. Because their calendar was lunar or moon-based, this period of free mead was called the "honey month," or what we now call the "honeymoon."

Before thermometers were invented, brewers would dip a thumb or finger into the liquid to determine the ideal temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, for adding yeast. From this we get the phrase "rule of thumb."

In English pubs drinks are served in pints and quarts. In old England, bartenders would advise unruly customers to mind their own pints and quarts. It's the origin of "mind your P's and Q's."

How big can a wine bottle get?
Capacity (Liters) followed by the number of standard size bottles contained:
Standard (.75)  1
Magnum (1.5)  2
Jeroboam (3)  4
Rehoboam (4.5)  6
Methuselah (6)  8
Salmanazar (9)  12
Balthazar (12)  16
Nebuchadnezzar (15)  20

Thomas Jefferson’s salary was $25,000 per year - a princely sum, but the expenses were also great. In 1801 Jefferson spent $6,500 for provisions and groceries, $2,700 for servants (some of whom were liveried), $500 for Lewis’s salary, and $3,000 for wine.”

Thomas Jefferson helped stock the wine cellars of the first five U.S. presidents and was very partial to fine Bordeaux and Madeira.

Cork was developed as a bottle closure in the late 17th century. It was only after this that bottles were lain down for aging, and the bottle shapes slowly changed from short and bulbous to tall and slender.

The Napa Valley crop described in 1889 newspapers as the finest of its kind grown in the U.S. was...hops.

What is the ideal temperature for wine?
Whites: chilled (45-55 degrees F) for a few hours in the refrigerator.
Reds: slightly cooler than room temperature (about 65 degrees); Younger fruity reds benefit from chilling.
Sparkling Wine: thoroughly chilled; refrigerate several hours or the night before serving.
Dessert Wine: room temperature.

Chilling tones down the sweetness of wine. If a red wine becomes too warm, it may lose some of its fruity flavor.
Should I ever use a decanter for my wines?

A decanter is used mainly to remove sediment from older red wines.  Also, it can be used to open up young red wines.  Otherwise, wine will “breathe” enough in your glass and decanting is not necessary.

Why should I swirl wine in my glass before I drink it?
By swirling your wine, oxygen is invited into the glass, which allows the aromas to escape.

Some of the best-known grape varietals and their characteristics:
Sauvignon Blanc - Sauvignon Blanc is a white wine best known for its grassy, herbal flavors. Sauvignon Blanc is also called Fume Blanc, and is a popular choice for fish and shellfish dishes.
Pinot Gris (Pinot Grigio) - The low acidity of this white varietal helps produce rich, lightly perfumed wines that are often more colorful than other whites. The best ones have pear and spice-cake flavors.
Chardonnay - Chardonnay is a white wine which can range from clean and crisp with a hint of varietal flavor to rich and complex oak-aged wines. Chardonnay typically balances fruit, acidity and texture.  This varietal goes well with everything from fish and poultry to cheeses, spicy foods and nut sauces.
Muscat - The white Muscat grape produces spicy, floral wines that often do something most other wines don't: they actually taste like grapes. Muscats can range from very dry and fresh to sweet and syrupy. This varietal is often served with puddings and chocolate desserts.
Gewurztraminer - Gewurztraminer is a white wine that produces distinctive wines rich in spicy aromas and full flavors, ranging from dry to sweet. Smells and flavors of litchi nuts, gingerbread, vanilla, grapefruit, and honeysuckle come out of this varietal.  It is often a popular choice for Asian cuisines and pork-based sausages.
Riesling - Rieslings are white wines known for their floral perfume. Depending on where they're made, they can be crisp and bone-dry, full-bodied and spicy or luscious and sweet. The flavor is often of peaches, apricots, honey, and apples and pairs well with duck, pork, and roast vegetables.

Champagne/Sparkling Wine - These wines are made effervescent in the wine-making process. Champagnes and sparkling wines range in style from very dry (Natural), dry (brut) and slightly sweet (extra Dry) to sweet (sec and Demi-Sec). Many sparkling wines are also identified as Blanc de Blancs (wines made from white grapes) or Blanc de Noirs (wines produced from red grapes).
Pinot Noir - Pinot Noir is a red wine of light to medium body and delicate, smooth, rich complexity with earthy aromas.  They are less tannic than a cabernet sauvignon or a merlot.  Pinot Noirs exude the flavor of baked cherries, plums, mushrooms, cedar, cigars, and chocolate.
Zinfandel – Primarily thought of as a Californian varietal (though recently proven to have originated from vineyards in Croatia), Zinfandel is a red wine with light to full body and berry-like or spicy flavors. The Zinfandel grape is also widely used in the popular off-dry blush wine known as White Zinfandel. The Red Zinfandel pairs well with moderately spicy meat dishes and casseroles. 
Syrah (Shiraz) - Syrah can produce monumental red wines with strong tannins and complex combinations of flavors including berry, plum and smoke. It's known as Shiraz mainly in Australia and South Africa.
Petite Sirah - Petite Sirahs are red wines with firm, robust tannic tastes, often with peppery flavors. Petite Sirahs may complement meals with rich meats.

Merlot - Merlot is a red wine with medium to full body and herbaceous flavors. Merlot is typically softer in taste than Cabernet Sauvignon.  It’s flavors and aromas include blackberry, baked cherries, plums, chocolate, and mocha.

Cabernet Sauvignon - Cabernet Sauvignon is a red wine known for its depth of flavor, aroma and ability to age. It is full-bodied and intense, with cherry- currant and sometimes herbal flavors. Cabernet Sauvignon may have noticeable tannins.

The World of Wine & Spirits

FOOD AND ACCOMPANIMENTS

Food & Accompaniments from HEMANT SINGH

Food & Accompaniments Presentation Transcript Food & Accompaniments Accompaniments are highly flavoured seasonings of various kinds offered with certain dishes. The object of offering accompaniments with dishes is to improve the flavour of the food or to counteract its richness or texture. HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES HORSD’OEUVR’ES HOR SD’OEUVRES GRAPEFRUIT COCKTAIL: SERVED WITH: CASTOR SUGAR HORSD’OEUVR’ES HOR SD’OEUVRES TOMATO JUICE: SERVED WITH: WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE HORSD’OEUVR’ES HOR SD’OEUVRES OYSTERS : SERVED WITH: CAYENNE PEPPER PEPPER MILL CHILLI VINEGAR TABASCO SAUCE LEMON WEDGE BROWN BREAD & BUTTER SNAILS : SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES SHRIMPS: SERVED WITH: CAYENNE PEPPER PEPPER MILL LEMON WEDGES HOT BREAKFAST TOAST HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES HAM MOUSSE: SERVED WITH: HOT BREAKFAST TOAST HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES GULL’S EGG SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER ORIENTAL SALT HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES SMOKED SALMON SERVED WITH: CAYENNE PEPPER PEPPER MILL LEMON WEDGE BROWN BREAD & BUTTER HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES ASPARAGUS: SERVED WITH: HOLLANDAISE SAUCE (IF HOT) VINAIGRETTE (IF COLD) HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES GLOBE ARTICHOKE HOLLANDAISE SAUCE (IF HOT) VINAIGRETTE (IF COLD) HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES CORN ON THE COB SERVED WITH: BEURRE FONDUE HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES FRESH PRAWNS SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER MAYONNAISE SAUCE HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES CHILLED MELON SERVED WITH: GROUND GINGER CASTOR SUGAR HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES AVACADO SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES SHELLFISH COCKTAIL SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER HORSD’OEUVRES HOR SD’OEUVRES SOUP CRÈME DE TOMATE SERVED WITH: CROUTONS CONSOMME SERVED WITH: DEPENDING ON GARNISH FRENCH ONION SOUP SERVED WITH: GRATED PARMESAN CHEESE GRILLED FLUTES PETITE MARMITE SERVED WITH: GRATED PARMESAN CHEESE GRILLED FLUTES POACHED BONE MARROW POTAGE GERMINY SERVED WITH: CHEESE STRAWS BOUILLABASSE SERVED WITH: THIN SLICES OF FRENCH BREAD DIPPED IN OIL AND GRILLED BORTSCH SERVED WITH: SOUR CREAM BEETROOT JUICE BOUCHEES FILLED WITH DUCK PASTE TURTLE SOUP SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER SEGMENTS OF LEMON CHEESE STRAWS MEASURE OF SHERRY FISH & SEA FOOD FRIED FISH SERVED WITH: SEGMENTS OF LEMON, SAUCES: TARTARE, REMOULADE, GRIBICHE GRILLED FISH SERVED WITH: SEGMENTS OF LEMON, COLD SAUCES: TARTARE, REMOULADE, GRIBICHE HOT SAUCES: BEARNAISE, TYROLIENNE POACHED FISH SERVED WITH: SEGMENTS OF LEMON, COLD SAUCES: TARTARE, REMOULADE, GRIBICHE HOT SAUCES: HOLLANDAISE, MOUSSELINE GRILLED HERRING SERVED WITH: MUSTARD SAUCE POACHED SALMON SERVED WITH: HOLLANDAISE SAUCE MOUSSELINE SAUCE MUSSELS SERVED WITH: BROWN BREAD & BUTTER, CAYENNE PEPPER CRAWFISH SERVED WITH: MAYONNAISE SAUCE COLD LOBSTER SERVED WITH: MAYONNAISE SAUCE FARINACEOUS SPAGHETTI SERVED WITH: GRATED PARMESAN CHEESE MEAT CURRY SERVED WITH: POPPADAMS, PAN CAKES ROAST BEEF SERVED WITH: ENGLISH/FRENCH MUSTARD, HORSERADISH SAUCE, YORKSHIRE PUDDING, ROAST GRAVY ROAST LAMB SERVED WITH: MINT SAUCE. ROAST GRAVY ROAST PORK SERVED WITH: SAGE & ONION STUFFING, APPLE SAUCE, ROAST GRAVY BOILED MUTTON SERVED WITH: CAPER SAUCE SALTED BEEF SERVED WITH: TURNED ROOT VEGETABLES, DUMPLINGS, NATURAL COOKING LIQUOR BOILED FRESH BEEF SERVED WITH: TURNED ROOT VEGETABLES, NATURAL COOKING LIQUOR, ROCK SALT, GHERKINS CALF’S HEAD SERVED WITH: BOILED BACON, PARSLEY SAUCE, BRAIN SAUCE, SAUCE VINAIGRETTE GRILLED STEAKS SERVED WITH: FRENCH/ENGLISH MUSTARD, BEURRE MAITRE D’HOTEL, POMMES PAILLE (STRAW POTATOES), WATERCRESS IRISH STEW SERVED WITH: WORCESTER SAUCE, PICKLED RED CABBAGE POULTRY CHICKEN SERVED WITH: BREAD SAUCE, ROAST GRAVY, PARSLEY & THYME STUFING, BACON ROLLS, GAME CHIPS, WATERCRESS ROAST TURKEY SERVED WITH: CRANBERRY SAUCE, BREAD SAUCE, CHESTNUT STUFFING, CHIPOLATA, GAME CHIPS, WATERCRESS, ROAST GRAVY GOOSE SERVED WITH: SAGE & ONION STUFFING, APPLE SAUCE, ROAST GRAVY WILD DUCK SERVED WITH: ORANGE SALAD, ACIDULATED CREAM DRESSING DUCK SERVED WITH: ONION & SAGE STUFFING, APPLE SAUCE, WATERCRESS, ROAST GRAVY GAME HARE SERVED WITH: HEART SHAPED CROUTES FORCEMEAT BALLS RED CURRANT JELLY VENISON SERVED WITH: CUCUMBERLAND SAUCE, REDCURRANT JELLY PARTRIDGE SERVED WITH : FRIED BREAD CRUMBS GROUSE SERVED WITH: HOT LIVER PASTE SPREAD ON A CROUTE PHEASANT SERVED WITH: BREAD SAUCE, GAME CHIPS, WATERCRESS, ROAST GRAVY

RESTAURANT EQUIPMENTS

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Restaurant Equipments from HEMANT SINGH

Restaurant Equipments Presentation Transcript FOOD & BEVERAGE SERVICES CLASSIFICATION OF RESTAURANT EQUIPMENTS FURNITURE TABLES CHAIRS SIDE BOARD BAR COUNTER FIXTURES PAINTINGS PELMETS CHANDELIERS LINEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. TABLE COVER 2. NAPPERON 3. CHAIR COVER 4. HOOD 5. BOW 6. NAPKINS CUTLERY & FLATWARE CUTLERY & FLATWARE CUTLERY & FLATWARE CUTLERY & FLATWARE CROCKERY CROCKERY HOLLOWARE CHAFFING DISHES TONGS SPECIAL EQUIPMENTS LOBSTER CRACKER LOBSTER PICK NUT CRACKER SNAIL TONGS SNAIL DISH ICE CREAM SCOOPS SKEWERS ASPARAGUS HOLDER CORN ON THE COB HOLDER GATEAU SLICE OYSTER FORK Champagne Chiller Ice Buckets with tong GLASSWARE Hi Ball Tom Collins Red Wine Glass White Wine Glass Water Goblet Shot Glass Cocktail / Martini Glass Beer Goblet Beer Mug Beer Tankard Pilsner Glass Brandy Goblet/Balloon/Snifter Champagne Saucer Champagne Tulip Champagne Flute Old Fashioned Roly Poly WINE GLASSES Machines & Other Equipments Ice Cube Making Machine Traulson Refrigerator Juicer Mixer Grinder 3 Sink Unit Dish Washer Plate Warmer/Hot Plate TROLLEYS Room Service Trolley Gueridon Trolley Cheese Trolley Dessert Trolley Carving Trolley Wine Trolley Liqueur Trolley Mobile Wine Bar

ICE CREAMS

Ice cream from HEMANT SINGH

Ice cream Presentation Transcript ICE CREAMS Ice cream, or iced cream as it was originally called, was once narrowly defined as a luxury dessert made of cream, sugar, and sometimes fruit congealed over ice. But today it is an universally cherished favorite dish. The wide variety of ice creams and their varying cost ranging from low to high has made it delightful dish. Our affection with ice cream is centuries old. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Jews were known to chill wines and juices. This practice evolved into fruit ices and, eventually, frozen milk and cream mixtures. The Italians were especially fond of the frozen confection that by the sixteenth century was being called ice cream. Ice cream is a frozen dessert made from dairy products, s u c h a s milk a n d cream, combined with flavorings a n d sweeteners, such as sugar. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming, which results in a smoothly textured ice cream. These ingredients, along with air incorporated during the stirring process (technically called overrun), make up ice cream. Although the term "ice cream" is sometimes used to mean frozen desserts and snacks in general, frozen custard, frozen yogurt, sorbet, gelato, and other similar products are sometimes informally called ice cream. Ice cream comes in a wide variety of flavors, often with additives such as chocolate flakes or chips, ribbons of sauce such as caramel or chocolate, nuts, fruit, and small candies / sweets. Some of the most popular ice cream flavors are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and Neapolitan (a combination of the three). Many people also enjoy ice cream sundaes, which often have ice cream, hot fudge, nuts, whipped cream, maraschino cherries or a variety of other toppings. Other toppings include cookie crumbs, butterscotch, sprinkles, banana sauce, marshmallows or different varieties of candy. Ice cream is generally served as a chilled product. It may also be found in dishes where the coldness of the ice cream is used as a temperature contrast, for example, as a topping on warm desserts, or even in fried ice cream. Some commercial institutions such as creameries specialize in serving ice cream and products that are related. ICE CREAM PRODUCTION Today’s ice creams are made by slowly churning a mixture of milk or cream, eggs, sugar, and flavorings (such as fruit, chocolate, or nuts) at freezing temperatures until the mixture transforms into a smoothly textured mass of tiny ice crystals. There are two basic varieties of ice cream: i) French-style or custard-based : These types of ice cream are very rich and smooth. They are made by incorporating egg yolks and sugar into cream and/or milk before churning. ii) Philadelphia-style : This ice cream contains no eggs and is made simply by mixing together milk or cream with sugar. This process yields a less rich ice cream that is firmer and chewier than French-style ice cream. TYPES OF ICE CREAMS Premium Ice cream generally has between 11% and 15% butterfat and 60% to 90% overrun , which is the air that is pumped into the ice cream. This creates a denser, heavier, creamier, richer and more caloric product than regular ice cream, and is reflected in the price. Super premium ice cream has even more butterfat— greater than 14%, with some having up to 18% and more—and less overrun, from as low as 20% up to 80%. Premium and super premium ice creams come in more complex flavors in addition to the basic ones. The super premium ice cream producers category includes smaller companies that make interesting gourmet” flavors. In addition to lower overrun and greater butterfat, the third way in which a super premium ice cream can be made richer is by using an egg custard base, which is known as French or French-style ice cream . Regular Ice cream is less dense: it contains 10% to 11% butterfat and more air, 90% to 100% overrun. It is usually sold in the more standard flavors, since the addition of ingredients of fancy flavors add to the cost escalation. Some people prefer the texture and lesser degree of richness, and prefer it in milkshakes where the subtlety of the richer ice cream can be lost (or is overkill). Economy Ice cream contains exactly 10% butterfat - the minimum USDA standard, and 95% to 100% overrun. It is made in basic flavors. Light Ice cream means that there is either 50% less fat or 33% fewer calories than the company’s standard ice cream. Read the labels carefully: the “light” ice creams of a superpremium brand often have more calories than the “regular” ice cream of other brands. Low fat Ice cream has 25% less fat than the company’s regular ice cream. Similar to the light ice cream analogy above, it can contain more calories than a regular ice cream of another brand. ASSORTMENT OF ICE CREAMS 1. Ice Cream Cake can take two forms. It is a three layer ice cream in the shape of a cake, often with cookie crumbs or other small representation of “cake”; or layers of ice cream and cake. In the latter, it is up to the cake maker to decide as to whether the middle layer is the ice cream or the cake. 2. Ice Milk is a low butterfat variation of ice cream, which due to advances in food technology over the last 20 years, has all but disappeared as a term, replaced by reduced fat ice cream. 3. Italian Ice is a smooth water ice, similar to a sorbet but generally a sweeter, snack product rather than a more refined dessert product. It is so-called because it is served in pizzerias and Italian ice shops, as well as by street vendors. Popular flavors include cherry, coconut, lemon and “rainbow ice.” 4. Kulfi is a dense Indian ice cream made with water buffalo’s milk and flavorings like cardamom, chikoo, coconut, malai (milk cream), almond, mango, pistachio and saffron. Kulfi is also never made with eggs, like French ice cream. It is prepared by simply boiling milk until it is reduced to half the original volume; then sugar and a teaspoon of corn syrup are added and the mixture is boiled for 10 more minutes. Water is mixed in until it thickens into a paste and is boiled a while longer. Finally, flavorings, dried fruits or cardamom are added. The mixture is cooled, put into molds and frozen. 5. Parfait , the French word for “perfect,” is originally the French sundae, generally served with fruit purée. In America, it became a particular type of sundae, with syrup and ice cream layered in a tall glass, topped with whipped cream. 6. Novelties are single-serving frozen treats such as ice cream bars, popsicles and sandwiches. 7. Semifreddo , means “half cold” in Italian, which refers to a class of semi-frozen desserts - semi-frozen custards, ice cream cakes and tarts. 8. Sherbet is a fruit-based product like sorbet, with milk added to provide creaminess. By law, sherbet can contain no more than 2% milkfat, and ranges from 1% to 2%. The milk makes it a slightly heavier product than sorbet. 9. Sorbet (the French word—in Italian, it’s sorbetto ) is a frozen dessert generally made from fruit purée or fruit juice; it can incorporate other flavorings including herbs and liqueurs. Unlike sherbet, sorbet contains no milk; some sorbet recipes also use egg whites. 10. Snow Cone , generally served in a paper cone or cup and is made of compacted shaved ice flavored with a choice of bright-colored sugary syrups, usually fruit-flavored (apple, banana, cantaloupe, cherry, colada, grape, kiwi, lemon, lime, mango, orange, peach, pineapple, raspberry, strawberry) but also spice (cinnamon) and pop flavors like bubblegum and cola. Snow cones served in a cup are eaten with a spoon; those in a paper cone are eaten like an ice cream cone. Interestingly, snow cones are the descendents of the original “ice cream,” which was snow flavored with fruit juice, created 4,000 years ago by the Chinese and learned through trade routes by the Persians 2,500 years ago. 11. Spumoni is a Neapolitan specialty where layers of three different colored and flavored ice creams: chocolate, pistachio and cherry are a popular combination. Or, more basic flavors can be used, with nuts and candied fruit added to the layers. 12. Sundae , a name invented in America consists of one or more scoops of ice cream topped with sauce or syrup (generally butterscotch, caramel, chocolate or strawberry). Chopped nuts and whipped cream is generally added, and a maraschino cherry is placed on top. There are endless creative riffs on the sundae, incorporating fruit, cookies, candy, cake, marshmallow creme, peanut butter sauce, sprinkles / jimmies, and ingredients too numerous to list. 13. Tartufo , the Italian word for truffle, is a ball of vanilla ice cream, often with a cherry and nuts in the center, enrobed in chocolate. The ice cream version appeared around the Victorian era, when the molding of ice cream into flowers, fruits, and other shapes became popular. 14. Gelato is Italian ice cream made from milk and sugar, combined with other flavorings. The gelato ingredients (after an optional pasteurization) are frozen while stirring to break up ice crystals as they form. Like high-end ice cream, gelato generally has less than 35% air, resulting in a dense and extremely flavourful product. Gelato is typically made with fresh fruit or other ingredients such as chocolate (pure chocolate, flakes, chips, etc.), nuts, small confections or cookies, or biscuits. 15. Ais kacang or ice kacang is a dessert served in Malaysia and Singapore. It is also popularly known as air batu campur in Malay or ABC for short. It is sweet-tasting and is primarily crushed or shaved ice served with sweet flavoured syrup and jelly. The word Kacang is a Malay word for bean, and the word "ais" is a transliteration of the English term "ice". Formerly, it was made of only shaved ice and cooked red beans. Several varieties have also been introduced which contain aloe vera in some form or another, such as in jelly form. Evaporated (condenced) milk is drizzled over the mountain of ice. 16. Ice pop is a frozen water dessert on a stick that is colored and flavored. It is made by freezing colored, flavored liquid (such as fruit juice) around a stick. Once solid, the stick is then used as a handle to hold the ice pop. 17. Frozen Custard or Soft-Serve Ice Cream is ice cream served at a warmer temperature from a machine that extrudes the ice cream into soft, swirled peaks. Frozen yogurt is also available in soft-serve form. With both ice cream and frozen custard, the ingredients are mixed at 21°F; then the ice cream goes into a hardening room where it becomes rock-solid at -40°F. Soft ice cream leaves off this last step. Frozen custard is perceived as tastier because it is warmer and doesn’t numb the taste buds. What we know today as “soft serve” or “frozen custard” was originally regular “French” ice cream or “ glace.” Over time, the hard ice cream became known as “ French” ice cream, and “frozen custard” became the term used for the soft-serve ice creams, which once did use a custard ice cream base. 18. Frozen Yogurt is made of low-fat or no-fat yogurt, sweetener, gelatin, corn syrup, coloring, and flavoring, churned in an ice cream machine. It can be found softserve or hard-packed. It both freezes and melts much more slowly than ice cream, since yogurt has a much higher freezing and melting point than milk. 19. Glace (pronounced GLAHS) is French-style ice cream, also called frozen custard, made from rich milk-andcream- based custard that includes eggs. Not to be confused with soft-serve ice cream called frozen custard, which may or may not have an egg-custard base. 20. Granita (pronounced grah-nee-TAH, or granité, grahnee- TAY, in French) is a semi-frozen dessert that is made with the same ingredients as sorbet—sugar, water and a flavoring, in this case a liquid such as fruit juice, coffee or wine. Unlike sorbet, granita is not churned in a freezing machine, but is poured into a large pan, placed in the freezer, and the frozen crystals are scraped from the top of the pan every 30 minutes or so. It thus yields large, frozen flakes, a crystalline appearance and a crunchy texture. Granita also has less sugar than sorbet or sherbet SERVING ICE CREAM 1. The ideal serving temperature for ice cream and other frozen desserts is 6–10°F, yet most home freezers are set to 0°F. When you serve frozen desserts straight from the freezer, they’re too cold to allow your taste buds to experience their full spectrum of flavors. 2. "Temper" ice cream before you scoop - leave it at room temperature for 8-10 minutes before serving. Return ice cream to the freezer immediately after it has been served to minimize the formation of ice crystals. 3. Serve ice cream in chilled bowls, preferably glass. Not only is the frosted bowl refreshing to look at, but the ice cream will retain its shape longer. 4. Scooping ice cream: Have a large Pyrex measuring cup or other heat proof container filled with just boiling water standing by. Dip the metal scoop into the hot water, let it heat up for a moment, and then DRY the scoop on a towel. Quickly drag the hot scoop across the ice cream creating tight rolls of the divine stuff. Do not smash the ice cream with the scoop. Repeat the process for each serving. 5. To store opened ice cream, first place a piece of plastic wrap on the surface and smooth it down lightly with your fingers. Then close the lid securely and return to the depths of your freezer. ICE CREAM SCOOPS · Solid scoops: These use a thin leading edge to help you push through firm ice cream. Many have handles filled with an anti-freezing fluid that keeps the scoop warmer than the ice cream. · Spring-loaded scoops: These have a strip of metal or plastic that sweeps across the inner surface of the scoop, helping to ease the ice cream out of the scoop. Some models have a button on the back that pushes the ice cream straight out of the scoop. · Spades: These are ideal if worked with ice cream on a flat surface and folding ingredients into it. A spade is useless if one needs to scoop ice cream out of small containers. STORING ICE CREAMS 1. Every time you remove ice cream from the freezer, some of its small ice crystals melt. When you return the container to the freezer, that melted liquid refreezes and clings to existing crystals, making the ice cream grainier and grainier each time you remove it. Though this problem is unavoidable, you can minimize it by dividing your freshly churned ice cream into a number of small containers so that each container spends as little time outside the freezer as possible. 2. Foods that contain fat—including ice cream, gelato, sherbet, and frozen yogurt—are prone to picking up odors from nearby foods in the freezer if they’re not sealed and stored properly. Protect your ice cream from unwanted odors by draping a layer of plastic wrap or wax paper over the top of your storage container before covering it with the lid.

BREAKFAST

Breakfast from HEMANT SINGH

Breakfast Presentation Transcript BREAKFAST In French, breakfast is known as Petit de jeuner. The word breakfast means to break the fast after a long time i.e. the night. It originally started in England. The different types of breakfasts are : Continental American English BREAKFAST Continental Breakfast This is an European breakfast. It comprises of : Choice of Juice (Tomato, Orange, Pineapple & Grape fruit etc.) 2. Choice of breads (White bread, brown bread, rolls, croissants, brioche served with honey,jam & marmalade.) 3. Tea / Coffee BREAKFAST Caf é simple or Thé simple Café complet or Thé complet English Breakfast English breakfast is a very elaborate breakfast. It comprises of 2-10 courses.People generally take a 6-10 course breakfast on weekends or on holidays, otherwise normally they used to have a 2-4 course breakfast. It includes: BREAKFAST Choice of Juice Stewed fruits (fruits cut into small pieces and cooked in sugar syrup, flavoured with clove and cinnamon) Cereals Fish Egg to order Meat Choice of roll or toast Butter and preserves Fresh fruits Beverages BREAKFAST American Breakfast American breakfast always starts with a glass of cold water. It also includes a number of courses like: Choice of Juice Cereals Fish / Meat Eggs to order Choice of breads Beverages BREAKFAST Breakfast Covers: Cover for Continental breakfast. Side Plate Side Knife Serviette Bread basket Butter dish on a side plate with a doily & butter knife Preserve dish on a side plate with a preserve spoon Breakfast cup and saucer with a teaspoon BREAKFAST Breakfast Covers: Cover for Continental breakfast. Under liners for tea/coffee pot & milk pot Ash tray Table Number Sugar pot & tong Slop basin & tea strainer(if tea is to be served) BREAKFAST Breakfast Covers: Cover for full English breakfast. Joint Knife & fork Fish Knife & fork Sweet spoon & fork Side Knife Side Plate Breakfast cup, saucer and teaspoon Slop basin BREAKFAST Breakfast Covers: Cover for full English breakfast. Tea strainer Jug of cold milk Sugar pot & tong Butter dish on a side plate with a doily & butter knife Preserve dish on a side plate with a preserve spoon BREAKFAST Breakfast Covers: Cover for full English breakfast. Under liners for tea/coffee pot & milk pot Cruet set Castor sugar Ash tray Serviette Toast rack Bread basket

Menu from HEMANT SINGH

MenuPresentation Transcript

• FOOD PRODUCTION
• Types: Definition: ORIGIN: Duke of Brunswick (1541) List of dishes served or made available to be served at a meal. a) Table d’hote b) A’la Carte MENU
• • Table d’hote : Literal meaning is “ Table of the host ”. This is a fixed menu served at a fixed price.
  • A’la Carte: Literal meaning is “ From the card ”. Dishes are priced separately and the Guest can make his/her own choice.
  Types Of Menu
• 1.Menu is a list of F & B items made available to the Guests. 2. It is a tool for the Kitchen to do all the mise-en-place for its production. 3. It gives a variety to choose dishes. 4. It sometime gives the description of each dishes in brief so that the Guest knows about the contents of the dish. 5. It is a record for cost control purpose and also to regulate the portion size. FUNCTIONS OF MENU
• A’la Carte Table D’hote
  • Food is kept in semi-prepared form.
  Food is kept in fully prepared form
  • Waiting time is more.
  • Waiting time is less.
  • Portions served are large.
  • Portions served are small.
  • Food items are individually priced and served.
  Menu is collectively priced.
  • The menu is elaborate.
  • Very less or no choice.
  • Silver is laid according to the dishes ordered.
  • Silver for the whole menu is laid in advance
  DIFFERENCES
• • Type of Guest / Customer
  • Type of establishment
  • Location
  • Kind of Occasion
  • Meal time (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Tea etc.)
  • Availability of raw material.
  • Availability of space and equipments.
  • manpower available for production and service.
  Factors affecting Menu Planning
• • Climatic conditions
  • Religious ceremonies and sentiments.
  • Age group.
  • Spending power of the Guest / Customer.
  Factors affecting Menu Planning
• • Repetition of Ingredients should not be there.
  • Repetition of colour should be avoided.
  • Repetition of words should be avoided.
  • Texture of the dishes within the Menu should be changed.
  • Always use correct garnishes.
  • Menu should be balanced.
  Principles of Menu Planning
• • Menu Language:
  • Menu should be printed in one language only.
  • Language used should be correct.
  • If the menu is in French or some other foreign language, use English translations
  • Spelling mistakes should not be there.
  • Veg / Non-Veg. Items should be separate and spicy items should be marked.
  Principles of Menu Planning
• • Hors d’oeuvres (Appetizers/Starter)
  • Potage (Soup/Starter)
  • Oeufs (Egg)
  • Farineaux (Rice & Pasta)
  • Poisson (Fish/Starter)
  • Entrée (First Meat course)
  • Sorbet (Flavoured Ice) Rest course
  • Reléve (Main Meat course)
  • Rôti (Roast)
  MENU SEQUENCE
• • Legumes (Vegetables)
  • Salades (Salad)
  • Buffet froid (Cold buffet)
  • Entremets (Sweets)
  • Savoureaux (Savoury)
  • Fromage (Cheese)
  • Dessert (Fruit & Nuts)
  • Beverages (Tea / Coffee)
  MENU SEQUENCE
• Examples for Diff. Courses of F.C.M.
  • Russian Salad, Egg Mayonnaise, Caviar, Smoked Salmon, Canapes, Prawn Cocktail.
  • Consommes, Minestrone, Cabbage Chowder, Mulligatwany, Hot & Sour.
  • Oeufs Florentine, Oeufs Farcis, Oeufs Coccote.
  • Spaghetti Napolitaine, Canneloni, Ravioli, Fettucinni, Macaroni.
  • Poisson grille tartare, Poisson Duglere, Poisson Colbert, Poisson Meuniere.
• • Poulet saute chasseur, Supreme de Vollaile, Steak diane.
  • Flavoured ice with Champagne, Cigars, Russian Cigarettes.
  • Gigot d’agneau r ô ti, Cuissot de porc r ô ti.
  • Chicken , Duck, Turkey with sauce or gravy
  • Choufleur mornay, Puree de pommes, Epinard a’la crème.
  • Vert, Francaise
  • Jambon, Galantine de volaille, Poulet Roti
  • Souffles, cr ê pes, Coupes.
  • Welsh rarebit, Canape diane
• 15. Cheddar, Edam, Brie, Gorgonzola. 16 . Fresh fruits and Nuts 17. Tea, Coffee

Grape Varieties

Agiorgitiko (Red)

(St George) Red-wine grape native to Greece. Used to produce intense, fruity wine in dry and sweet versions. Also blended with Cabernet Sauvignon to create a wine capable of aging well.

Aglianico (Red)

Underrated, lots of weighty, berry flavours. The grape is also used to make good bronze-coloured rosé-style wine. Italy

Albariño (White)

(Alvarinho) Used to create a serious varietal wine with pleasant citrus fruit aroma. Fashionable and expensive in Spain. Portugal, Spain

Aligoté (White)

Burgundy’s second-rank white grape. Used to make a superior white wine, with little or no aging ability and best drunk young, for blending or as a good dry wine in the better vintage. France, E Europe, N America

Arinto (White)

Naturally high acidity, therefore always lemony-fresh and tangy. Used in the production of Portugal’s ‘vinho-verde’ wines. Portugal

Arneis (White)

Aromatic, high-priced grape, lacking sufficient acidity to age well. Italy, Australia

Baga (Red)

(Tinta Bairrada) Produces acidic, fruit-packed, tannic wines capable of aging well. Portugal

Barbera (Red)

Usually produces an intense red wine with deep colour, low tannins and high acid. At its best in Piedmont, used in California to provide ‘backbone’ for so-called ‘jug’ wines. Italy, California, Australia, Argentina

Bical (White)

Grown in the Beiras district of Portugal, a crisp, mildly aromatic varietal but most often is used in sparkling wine blends. Portugal

Blaufränkisch (Red)

Mainly grown in Austria to produce dry, fruity red wines, at best a considerable red. Austria, Germany, Hungary

Bonarda (Red)

Cherry-jam flavours, easy drinking. Argentina, Italy

Bourboulenc (White)

Makes some of the Midi’s (S Rhône) best wines, creates acidic balance in blends. France

Brachetto (Red)

Used to make spritzy, light red dessert wines with fruity, strawberry aroma. Best when young and served chilled. Italy

Brunello (Red)

See Sangiovese

Bual (White)

Makes top-quality sweet Madeira wines. Portugal

Cabernet Franc (Red)

(Bouchet) Wine from these grapes has a deep purple color, when young, with a herbaceous aroma. Traditionally used in Bordeaux-style blends, but increasingly bottled as a varietal. France, S Africa, Australia, USA

Cabernet Sauvignon (Red)

Main constituent of a Bordeaux blend. Can provide super-premium wines – rich, full and complex and capable of long ageing. Flavours of blackcurrant, cherry, chocolate, black pepper. Australia, France, Italy, NZ, S Africa, Argentina, Chile, USA

Cannonau (Red)

See Grenache

Carignan (Red)

Dull but harmless red wines. Used in California’s blends and ‘jug’ wines. Some old plantings allow small lots of premium extract wine to be made. France, Spain, California, N Africa

Carmènere (Red)

Similar to Merlot, but spicier and more savoury. Chile

Chardonnay (White)

Burgundy and Champagne grape. Fruity character; barrel-influenced flavours of oak/vanilla; creamy, buttery components from malolactic fermentation. Hugely successful in many regions due to its mid-season ripening and versatility. Mostly bottled in S Africa as varietal. France, Australia, S Africa, NZ, USA, Spain, Italy

Chasselas (White)

(Fendant/Gutedel) Little aroma, mainly grown for eating. NZ use it for popular sweet wines. Switzerland, Germany, France, NZ

Chenin Blanc (White)

(Steen) Makes crisp, fresh dry wines and rich, honeyed sweet wines. In warm regions notes of melon, fig, pear and guava. S Africa, France, Argentina, Spain

Cinsaut (Red)

(Cinsault) Used as blend component in many red or rosé wines. Crossed with Pinot to make Pinotage. Pale wine but quality potential. France, Italy, South Africa, Australia

Clairette (White)

A low-acid grape, part of many S France blends. Used with Muscat grape to create dry/off-dry sparkling. Best known product: “Clairette de Die”, comes from the E Rhone region of France. France, Australia

Colombar (White)

(Colombard) Widely grown in S Africa. Fruity, high acidity, interesting in both dry and sweet versions. Used for Californian jug wine; certain Bordeaux and Gascony AOC’s and for distilling into brandy. S Africa, California, France, N America

Dolcetto (Red)

Usually made into fast maturing, fruity and robust dark red wine with faintly bitter flavour, everyday wines that have become fashionable. Italy

Dornfelder (Red)

Usually succulent, fruity, early-drinking reds although it is increasingly available as a bottled varietal with aging potential. Germany

Favorita (White)

(Favorito) Plantings are increasing. Top wines are citrussy and mountain fresh, mainly used in white blends. Italy

Fernão Pires (White)

Used to make aromatic and somewhat spicy-tasting dry, sweet and sparkling wines. Portugal

Fiano (White)

Makes balanced, elegant white wine with attractive nut-like hints in the aroma. Very sturdy and long-lived, it makes peachy, spicy wine in Campania. Italy

Folle Blanche (White)

High acid/little flavour makes this ideal for brandy. W Loire use to produce an often light, sharply acidic wine called “Gros Plant du Pays Nantais”. France, California

Furmint (White)

Widely grown in Hungary and used to make the ultra-sweet “Tokay” wines. Hungary, Austria, Slovenia

Gaglioppo (Red)

Excellent, robust wines, best un-oaked. Italy

Gamay (Red)

Predominant grape of Beaujolais. Light-bodied, juicy upfront flavours of red cherries, bananas, plums and bubble gum. Made for early drinking. France

Garganega (White)

Gives Italy’s Soave blend its personality. Is also a major portion of the popular “Gambellara” blend; top wines, especially sweet ones age well. Italy

Gewürztraminer (White)

Pungent, rich and soft wines, spicy aromas and flavours of lychees, nuts, ginger, roses, melon. Usually dry wines but made in sweeter styles in S Africa. France, Germany, Australia, Italy, NZ, Spain (minimal plantings in S Africa)

Grecanico Dorato (White)

Becoming more popular. Grassy and pungent; similar to Sauvignon Blanc. Italy

Grechetto/Greco (White)

Ancient grape of Italy, noted for the vitality and stylishness of its wines. Italy

Grenache (Red)

(Alicante/Cannonau) Often used in Rhone-style blends but good on its own. Produces strong, fruity but pale wines with black and red fruits, smoke, nuts, chocolate, leather, mud and coffee. Australia, France, Spain, Italy, California

Grignolino (Red)

Commonly grown in the Piedmont region. Makes good table wines – light red colour wine with very fruity aroma and strong acid/tannins. Italy

Grüner Veltliner (White)

Predominant grape in Austria. Light, dry and peppery, excellent young but has very good aging potential (up to 15 years) when made from the finest vintage year grapes. Austria

Hárslevelü (White)

Adds softness and body to Tokay blend. Hungary

Kadarka (Red)

(Gamza in Bulgaria) Used to make ‘Egri Bikaver’, Hungary’s best-known dry red wine blend. Hungary, Bulgaria

Kékfrankos (Red)

See Blaufränkisch

Kéknyelü (White)

Flavourful grape, one of Hungary’s best whites, has potential for fieriness and spice. Hungary

Kerner (White)

(Schiava Grossa) Used to produce a Riesling-like white wine. Early-ripening flowery (but often too blatant) wine with good acidity. Italy

Lagrein (Red)

Used to make varietal and rosé wines of good character – full-bodied and velvety, reds have sour black cherries, unripe plums and dark chocolate. Italy

Lambrusco (Red)

Produces a number of wine styles – dry or off-dry wines or cheerful sweet and fizzy red. Italy

Lemberger (Red)

See Blaufränkisch

Macabeo (White)

Workhorse white grape of N Spain, widespread in Rioja, produces mildly acidic and young white wines for early consumption or blends. Spain, France

Malbec (Red)

(Cot) Dark, dense and tannic, if it’s made well has wonderful gamey, spicy, black fruit character. Badly made examples are very rustic. Commonly used in Bordeaux blends. France, California, Argentina, Australia, Chile, NZ

Malvasia (White)

Used to produce dry and sweet white, and light red wines with high alcohol content and residual sugar. Is one of two white wine grapes allowed in Chianti Classico production. Italy

Marsanne (White)

Principal grape in N Rhône blends. Full-bodied and soft wines that age well. Australia, France, USA

Mencía (Red)

Light red wine variety widely grown in N W Spain. Early-drinking, usually high in acidity. Tastes of raspberries. Spain

Merlot (Red)

Often used in blends with Cabernet Sauvignon and Bordeaux blends. Varietal – blackcurrants, chocolate, black cherries and pepper, the finest have astonishing finesse, structure and depth. Canada, Chile, France, Italy, NZ, S Africa, USA, Argentina, Australia, Spain

Montepulciano (Red)

(D’Abruzzo) Usually made into a blend with Sangiovese in order to produce a fruity, round, yet balanced red wine with attractive aroma that reportedly can improve with up to 6 years aging. Also used to produce a popular rosé named ‘Cerasuolo’. Italy

Morellino (Red)

See Sangiovese

LIQUOR GLOSSARY

ABRICOTINE An apricot liqueur made in France

ABSINTHE Absinthe reached its peak of popularity and notoriety around the end of the nineteenth century and is now illegal not only in the United States but in Switzerland, the place of its origin. Absinthe is actually a green-hued cordial with aniseed (licorice) flavor. The ingredient that caused all the fuss was wormwood (actually deleterious only when taken in immense doses). Pernod, Abisinte, Abson, Anisette, Ojen, and Oxygene are its modern, safe, respectable substitutes.

ABSOLUT A high quality vodka of swedish manufacture, most commonly and appropriately taken unmixed. Now available flavored with lemon, blackberry, and peppers.

ADVOKAAT A bottled egg nog mixture made with brandy and eggs that originated in the netherlands.

AMARETTO An after-dinner liqueur with an almond flavor that is made in Italy from apricot kernels. The original amaretto, Amaretto di Saronne, was first made in Saronne, Italy, in 1525.

AMER PICON A bitter French cordial, bitter, orange-flavored, made from quinine, spices, cinchona bark, oranges, and gentiam

ANGOSTURA BITTERS (see bitters) made from a trinidadian secret recipe.

ANISETTE A sweet, clear, aniseed-flavored liqueur, the principle ingredient being aniseed.

APERTIF An alcoholic drink taken before a meal or any of several wines or bitters.

APPLEJACK An apple brandy produced principally in the United States and France. A version produced in Normandy, Calvados, is of very high quality. Also known as “Jersey lighting” and “hard cider”. Made from winter apples, a great deal of applejack produced in the Unites States is of the homemade variety, and thus of widely varying quality.

AQUAVIT (Akvavit) Scandanavian Vodka flavored with caraway, dill and other herbs and spices.

B&B A mixture of cognac and benidictine, yeilding a drier product than benidictine alone.

BACARDI The single best selling brand of rum or any other liquor in the United States. A light bodied rum, Bacardi was formerly made in Cuba and is now Manufactured in the Puerto Rico and several other places. The original Bacardi plant in 1862 was a tin roof shed housing a cast iron still, a few fermenting tanks, a few aging barrels and a colony of fruit bats nesting in the rafters, hence the bat logo on every label.

BAHAI A coffee flavored Brazilian liqueur.

BAILEYS IRISH CREAM A mocha flavored whiskey and double-cream liqueur, a combination of Irish whiskey, cream, coffee, chocolate, and coconut.

BENEDICTINE The oldest and perhaps most famous liqueur in the world, Benedictine dates from 1510. Its formula, which calls for twenty seven different herbs, plants, and peels, is a secret that has never been successfully been duplicated. Originally produced by Benedictine monks in an abbey in the Caux district of Normandy, Benedictine takes three years to make, followed by four years of aging.

BITTERS A highly concentrated flavoring agent made from roots, barks, herbs, and/or berries. Bitters are reputed to have medicinal qualities. Some, such as Compari and Fernet-Branca from Italy are believed to be such good stomach settlers and may even be useful in treating hangovers. Bitters such as Angostura are also effective in minute quantities as smoothing out the taste of a particularly harsh or bitter whiskey. Abbot’s bitters have been made in baltimore since 1865, Peychoud bitters come from New Orleans and Orange Bitters are made in England from the dried peels of seville oranges.

BLENDED WHISKEY Blended whiskey came into prominence in the United States during world war II, when distillers made the most of their dwindling stocks of whiskey by mixing them with unaged grain-neutral spirits. By U.S. law, blended whiskey must contain at least 20% straight whiskey. The rest may be unaged grain neutral spirits, pure alcohol with little or no flavor-and that’s exactly what the cheaper, inferior blends tend to be. Actually, there are two types of blended whiskey: the aforementioned cheaper brands in which straight whiskey is blended with grain neutral spirits, and those in which straight whiskeys of varying character and qualities are blended together to produce a distinctive product. Most Scotch, Bourbon, Canadian, rye, and Irish whiskeys currently on the market, including the very best available, are blended whiskeys and fall into this second category.

BOROUVICKA A Czechoslovakian juniper brandy similar to gin.

BOURBON An American whiskey distilled from a fermented mash of grain that is at least 51% corn. Bourbon is aged for at least two years in new charred oak barrels. Bourbon, a true American whiskey, originated in Bourbon County, Kentucky, and even today, most bourbon distilleries in the United States are located in kentucky. Jack Daniels is a high quality Bourbon that is filtered through maple charcoal befor aging.

BRANDY Brandy is distilled from a fermented mash of grapes or other fruit and the aged in white oak casks at least two years and usually bottled at 80 proof. Cognac is an exceptionally smooth brandy with a heady dry aroma produced in the Cognac region of France. Armagnac is similiar to Cognac, but with a drier taste, it is produced in the Armagnac region of France. American Brandy is distilled in California and is unique in that it is produced by the firms that grow the grapes, distill, age, blend, bottle and market the brandies under their own name. American brandy accounts for 75% of brandies sold in the U.S. Apple Brandy (applejack) is distilled from apple cider. Fruit brandies are brandy based liqueurs made from blackberries, apricots, cherries, and ginger and are bottled at 70 to 80 proof.

BUCKS Drink made with an ounce or so of liquor and lemon juice plus ginger ale, and topped with a twist of lemon.

CALVADOS One of the world’s great brands of apple brandy. Produced in Normandy.

CAMPARI A highly popular Italian patent apertif. Usually served on the rocks with soda, Campari is very dry with a strong quinine taste.

CANADIAN CLUB A high quality, highly popular brand of Canadian whiskey.

CANADIAN WHISKEY Like American whiskeys, Canadian whiskey is made primarily from corn, rye, and malted barley, and is distilled by a process similar to that used in making bourbon, except that a sweet mash is used. Lighter bodied, smoother, and less assertive than its American counterpart, Canadian whiskey is excellent for mixing or for summer use.

CHAMBRAISE A French liqueur made from wild strawberries

CHAMBORD A french liqueur made from small black raspberries

CHARTREUSE A famous herbal French liqueur still produced by the Carthusian monks in France from a formula dating back to 1605 and containing 130 herbs and spices. This exquisite liqueur is available in two colors: yellow and green.

CHASER A mixer that is tossed down the throat after one has drunk a straight shot of whiskey or other spirit instead of being combined with a spirit in the glass. The origonal chaser was a boiler-maker, which was a shot and a beer.

CHERI-SUISSE A Swiss liqueur that tastes like chocolate covered cherries.

CHERRY MARNIER A French cherry liqueur with a hint of almond

COBBLER A tall summer style drink that consists of ice, wine or liqueur, and a considerable variety of fruit slices, cherries, berries, and so forth.

COGNAC A type of brandy that is produced only in the Cognac region of western France and is universally recognized as the finest and most elegant liqueur in the world. Not a drop of any other wine or brandy is ever allowed to enter a bottle of Cognac. The Cognac region is divided into six districts, with the Cognac of Grand Champagne considered the best. Cognac is coded on the label by the following letters: V (very), S (superior), O (old), P (pale), E (extra or especial), F (fine), X (extra). French law states that Cognac with 3 stars be aged at least 1½ years old to be rated VS & 4 years to be rated VSOP (althought 7-10 years is pretty common). By french law the words Extra, Napolean, Reserve and Vieille may not appear on the label unless the cognac has been aged at least 5½ years.

COINTREAU A fine, colorless, orange-flavored liqueur made from the dried skins of Curaçao oranges grown on the island of the same name in the Dutch West Indies. The Generic term is Curaçao, and if redistilled clear is called triple sec.

COLLINS Tall, cool punch-like drinks. Any basic liquor with lime or lemon juice, over ice cubes in a frosted glass and sugar and soda water added. (Tom=Gin, John=Whiskey, Joe=Scotch)

COOLER A low alcohol drink consisting of either white or red wine mixed with either 7-UP, ginger-ale, club soda and or a citrus juice. Commercially bottled coolers of the latter variety have become extremely popular in recent years.

CORDIALS Sweetened spirits distilled from fruits, seeds, herbs & peels, same as liqueur.

CREAM OF COCONUT A coconut syrup used in many exotic drinks.

CREME DE… An all-purpose term indicating a liqueur in which one flavor is dominant. flavors include almond, celery, d’anana (pineapple), noisette (hazelnut), mocha (coffee), rose (vanilla and roses), the` (tea), fraise (strawberry) and violette/yvette (violets)

CREME DE BANANA A sweet liqueur flavored with bananas.

CREME DE COCOA A rich, chocolate-flavored liqueur, made from cacao and vanilla beans, quite sweet and syrupy, available in two colors: white & brown.

CREME DE CASSIS A dark, medium-sweet liqueur flavored with black currants.

CREME DE MENTHE A mint-flavored moderately sweet liqueur that comes in green or white.

CREME DE NOYAUX A liqueur made from fruit pits that possesses a bitter almond taste.

CREME YVETTE A very sweet, violet-flavored liqueur, made in the United States by Jacquin.

CUARENTE Y TRES A brandy based liquor from Spain containing 43 ingredients and a hint of vanilla. Also known as Licor 43.

CURAÇAO Generic term for liqueur made from the dried skins of small green bitter curaçao oranges. Curaçao may be blue, white, or orange in color. The taste is the same for all three.

DRAMBUIE A famous whiskey liqueur consisting of Highland malt scotch whiskey, heather honey, & herbs.

DRY A term applied to any form of wine or liqueur to denote a lack of sweetness. “Dry” champagne is, however, not as free of sugar as “brut”

EGG WHITE An egg white is an excellent way to put a head on a drink. It also cuts harshness and makes for a smoother taste. Always add the egg white before the liquor.

EZRA BROOKS A quality tennessee whiskey.

FALERNUM A sweet syrup of Caribbean origin made from ginger, almonds, limes, and other various fruits and herbs. Falernum, like grenadine, contains little or no alcohol, and is used to flavor or sweeten mixed drinks.

FERNET-BRANCA An extremely bitter Italian herbal apertif or digestif made from cinchoma bark, gentium, rhubarb, calamus, angelica, myrrh, chamomile and peppermint. It is often employed as a stomach settler and/or hangover remedy. It’s classified as bitters.

FINLANDIA A high-proof (94) popular vodka imported from Finland.

FIX A sour drink, usually made with pineapple syrup and crushed ice.

FIZZES Made from liquor, citris juices and sugar. Shaken with ice and strained into a highball glass. Soda “fizz” water is then added. Any carbonated beverage even champagne may be used.

FLIPS An egg nog and fizz combination. Made with liquor, egg, sugar, and shaved ice, shaken well, and Sprinkled with nutmeg.

FORBIDDEN FRUIT An American liqueur made from shaddock (grapefruit) and cognac

FRAISETTEE Cordial made from alcoholic syrup, white wine and strawberries.

FRAMBOISE Cordial made from raspberries,with high a alcohol content.

FRANGELICO A hazelnut liqueur from Italy.

FRAPPES A drink made by packing a glass with crushed ice and pouring liqueur over it.

GALLIANO A sweetish, golden, Italian liqueur with an herby, spicy taste.

GEORGE DICKEL A quality Tennessee whiskey.

GIN Gin is basically grain alcohol, mostly corn (75%) with some malted barley (15%) and other grains (10%) thrown in. It is then redistilled with or through juniper berries and botanicals such as coriander seed, cassia bark, orange peels, fennel seeds, anise, caraway, angelica root, inis root, licorice, lemon peel, almonds, cassia bark, cardomann seeds, cinnoman bark, bergomat and cocoa. It is this secondary process that imparts to each gin its particular taste. Most of the gin now produced is London dry, which is clean light, unsweet, and perfect for making for martinis. The Dutch still produce a sweeter, more robust version of their own called Hollands gin, which, while is unsuitable for mixing purposes is drunk neat and cold. Gin does not require aging.

GLENFIDDICH A famous high-quality single malt brand of unblended Scotch whiskey made by William Grant of Glenfiddich in the Glenlivet region of the Scottish Highlands.

GLENLIVET The greatest name in Scotch whiskey. The ultra whiskey-producing area in scotland is a 900 square mile chunk of territory on the river spey in the eastern portion of the Scottish highlands. It is there that the most famous whiskeys are produced in the Glenlivet style.

GOLDEN RUM Also known as anejo, a light-bodied rum of golden color from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. This rum, though still of the light bodied type, has more taste and pronounced character than white rum.

GOLDWASSER Orinally made by Danzig in 1598, goldwasser is a spicy citrus flavored liqueur with 22k gold flakes mixed in.

GRAIN-NEUTRAL SPIRITS Otherwise known as grain alcohol, alcohol distilled from grain at 190 proof. Colorless and tasteless, it is used in making blended whiskeys and, as well as gin, gin, vodka, homemade liqueurs and other liquors.

GRAND MARNIER An orange-flavored cognac based French liqueur of the curaçao type.

GRAPPA An Italian brandy distilled from the pulpy mass of skins, pits, stalks left in the wine press after the juice of the grapes have been extracted. Young grappa is fairly fiery, but mellows with age.

GRENADINE A sweet syrup flavoring for drinks made from pomegranate juice, containing little or no alcohol.

GROG Originally a mixture of rum and water that was issued to sailors in the royal navy and later improved with the addition of lime juice and sugar. Now a grog is any kind of drink usually made with a rum base, fruit and various sweeteners and served hot or cold in a large mug or glass .

HIGHBALLS Any liquor served with ice, soda, plain water, ginger-ale or other carbonated beverages.

HOLLANDS GIN (Genievive) The type of old-style gin still produced and favored by the Dutch. Hollands gin is hearty, robust, and sweet, not for mixing. The Dutch like it cold and neat, often with herring.

IRISH MIST A famous liqueur produced in Ireland, consisting of Irish whiskey and heather honey.

IRISH WHISKEY The Irish have been making whiskey for 700 years and are said to have invented the stuff. The main difference between Irish and Scotch whiskey is that Irish Whisky is entirely lacking in the smoky taste that characterizes Scotch. The reason for this is that the Scots use peat in the kilns in which they dry their malt, while the Irish use coal. Irish whiskey is distilled from a grain mixture that consists of malted as well as unmalted barley, along with small proportions of wheat, oats, and rye. Irish whiskey tends to be old (at least seven years) and more mature than Scotch, probably because it is not purchased at the same rate as Scotch. Full-bodied, unblended Irish whiskeys produced in pot stills have a very pronounced character, which makes them very unpopular with many american palates. There are many blended Irish whiskeys that are lighter and less strong in character. The distillery at Bushmills in County Antrim dates from 1608 and is believed to be the oldest in the world. Irish whiskey is unique in that it is the only whiskey distilled 3 times.

JACK DANIEL’S A whiskey of the bourbon type, made in Tennessee, which is perhaps the most famous whiskey made in America. The Jack Daniel’s distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee, dates from 1866 and is the oldest registered distillery in the United States. Jack Daniel’s is made according to the sour-mash process, mellowed by a process of filtration through sugar maple charcoal.

JAEGERMEISTER This complex, aromatic concoction containing some 56 herbs, roots and fruits has been popular in germany since its introduction in 1878. It may be used as cocktail bitters but is more frequently consumed as an apertif or after dinner drink.

JAMAICAN RUM Full-bodied, pungent rum, dark in color, and decidedly heavier and richer in taste than light bodied rums produced elsewhere in the Caribbean. High-quality Jamaican rums, such as Myer’s, are usually drunk straight.

JULEPS Made with Kentucky bourbon and fresh mint leaves (muddled, crushed or whole), served in an ice frosted glass with shaved ice and a mint garnish.

KAHLUA Coffee liqueur originating in Mexico made from mexican coffee beans.

KIRSCHWASSER A strong, dry black cherry fruit brandy made by both the Germans and the French.

KUMMEL A cordial liqueur of Dutch origin made from caraway seeds, cumin seeds, coriander seeds and aniseed, with herb flavors added.

LIGHT RUM Rums lighter in body though not necessarily in color than their dark, heavy-bodied Jamaican cousins. Light rums may be white, “silver”, or golden in color. They usually hail from Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Virgin Islands.

LIGHT WHISKEY American whiskey, lighter in taste and body than its conventional whiskey predecessors. It is distilled at a much higher proof (161 to 189) than traditional whiskeys and aged in reused barrels rather than in new charred barrels.

LILLET An increasingly popular French apertif, light and dry, that comes in two versions, white and red.